Mannaz Rune Meaning: Symbolism, Upright, Reversed and Divination Use
The Mannaz rune means humanity - the human being understood as one member of a kindred rather than as an isolated individual. Mannaz is the twentieth rune of the Elder Futhark, carries the sound m, and is drawn as two staves joined by crossed diagonals. Upright it speaks of community and clear thinking; reversed it points to isolation and self-deception.
What does the Mannaz rune mean?
The Mannaz rune means humanity: the human being counted as one of many, defined by kinship, speech and the ability to think. Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is mannaz, preserved as man in Old English, madr in Old Norse and manna among the Gothic letter names, and in every one of those languages the word covers the whole species rather than one sex. That inclusive sense is the foundation of the Mannaz rune meaning in divination. When Mannaz appears, the question is being answered through people - what they owe each other, and whether the querent is behaving as a member of a kindred or as a lone operator. A second layer sits underneath the social one. The Germanic word for the human being belongs to the same wide Indo-European family as words for thinking and mind, the family that also gives Sanskrit manu, and rune workers have attached memory and considered judgment to this rune for that reason. So the Mannaz meaning runs on two tracks at once: the human collective outside you, and the reasoning mind inside you. Mannaz treats those as one subject, because in this tradition the mind is what makes a person fit to live among other people.
Practitioners tend to describe Mannaz as the mirror rune, and the description holds up in casting. Whatever Mannaz touches in a spread, it reflects back as a human matter. A business question becomes a question about a partner's character, and a creative block becomes a question about audience. That reflecting quality is why Ralph Blum, in The Book of Runes of 1982, titled Mannaz The Self and made it the rune of standing back to see one's own position clearly. Blum's framing pulls Mannaz toward introspection in a way the old rune poems never do, but it caught something real about how the rune behaves on the cloth. The older sources push outward instead. Their madr is a person among kinsmen, an adorner of ships, a delight to other people, and eventually dust. Most working readers hold both. Mannaz asks who you are to other people and who they are to you, then takes the answer to that pair of questions as the answer to whatever was asked.
Does the Mannaz rune refer to men specifically?
No. The Mannaz rune refers to human beings generally. Old English man and Old Norse madr both mean person, and these languages used separate words, such as Old English wer and wif, when they needed to specify sex. Reading Mannaz as a masculine rune imports a modern narrowing the rune name never carried.
Is Mannaz the rune of the individual or the group?
Mannaz is the rune of the individual as seen from inside the group. It does not mean solitary selfhood; the rune poems place madr among kinsmen and describe him by what he gives other people. Readings that take Mannaz as pure individuality end up contradicting the rune's own poems.
What single word best captures the Mannaz meaning?
Kinship comes closest, since it holds both halves of the Mannaz meaning at once - a person and the network that person belongs to. Humanity works as a second choice. Self is the popular modern gloss but the weakest, because it drops the community every historical source for Mannaz insists on.
What does the Mannaz rune symbol look like and what does its shape mean?
The Mannaz rune symbol is two vertical staves standing side by side, joined in the middle by two diagonals that cross between them, giving a character resembling a capital M with an X at its center. Its sound value is m, plain and unambiguous, and it is the only rune in the twenty-four character Elder Futhark carrying that sound. Carvers cut it with four strokes, and because both diagonals lean, it survives well on wood grain where purely horizontal cuts get lost. Rune workers read the shape in two customary ways. The first sees the Mannaz rune symbol as Ehwaz with a second roof added: Ehwaz shows two staves joined by a single peak, the horse and rider bound together, and Mannaz doubles that binding into a lattice, partnership multiplied into community. The second sees two Wunjo runes set back to back, joy meeting joy across a shared boundary, which suits the Icelandic poem's line about man being the delight of man. Neither reading is documented in a medieval source; both are teaching devices practitioners have found reliable, and both point at the same idea, that Mannaz is a shape built out of relationship rather than a single standing stave.
The Mannaz rune symbol did not stay fixed. Anglo-Saxon carvers working with an expanded futhorc kept the crossed form and sometimes drew the interior diagonals so they met and closed into a diamond between the staves. In the later Younger Futhark of the Viking Age the m rune was redrawn completely: madr became a single upright stave with two branches rising from its top, the outline Elder Futhark readers know as Algiz. That overlap confuses anyone reading inscriptions, because the same shape means protection in one system and the letter m in another, and only the age of the carving settles which is meant. In later Scandinavian folk usage that branched form picked up the name life rune, and it was among the shapes taken up by twentieth century German nationalist movements, which is why careful rune workers name it precisely. English scribes made a different use of the older form: in Old English manuscripts the rune could stand in for the whole word man, as the ethel and dag runes did for their own words.
How do you draw the Mannaz rune symbol correctly?
Draw two parallel vertical staves of equal height, then cut one diagonal from the top of the left stave to the foot of the right and a second from the top of the right to the foot of the left, crossing in the middle. Carving order runs staves first, then diagonals, with no curves.
What is the phonetic value of the Mannaz rune?
The Mannaz rune carries the m sound and is transliterated as m in every standard system. Writing a name in Elder Futhark, every m takes Mannaz, including a doubled m, which older carvers usually wrote once rather than twice. There is no separate rune for a long or nasalized m in the Elder row.
Why does the Mannaz rune look like the letter M?
The resemblance is not coincidence, though not direct borrowing either. The Elder Futhark took shape under Mediterranean alphabetic influence, and several runes echo the Latin or Old Italic letter of the same sound. Mannaz keeping an M-like outline for m is the clearest of those echoes.
Where does Mannaz sit in the Elder Futhark and in its aett?
Mannaz is the twentieth rune of the twenty-four rune Elder Futhark and the fourth rune of the third aett, the group named after its opening rune Tiwaz and commonly called Tyr's aett. Its position is not incidental to the Mannaz rune meaning, because the third aett tells a social story in order. Tiwaz opens with law, oath and justice that costs something to enforce. Berkano follows with birth, the household and things that grow under protection. Ehwaz gives the bonded pair, horse and rider, the working partnership. Mannaz then arrives as the full human community that law, family and partnership together produce, the point where the sequence stops describing pieces and describes a whole people. Laguz comes next as water and the unconscious, which many readers take as the tide running underneath that settled order, and the aett closes with Ingwaz, Dagaz and Othala. Counting Mannaz as the midpoint of that arc explains much about how it reads. It is the most settled rune in the row, the one assuming courts, kin and neighbors already exist, and it loses coherence in any reading that treats the querent as genuinely alone.
The sequence itself is old and physically attested. The Kylver stone from Gotland, a grave slab dated to roughly the fifth century, carries the complete futhark row in order, and Mannaz occupies the same twentieth position there that modern rune readers give it. That continuity is why aett-based interpretation carries weight rather than being invention: the order being read is the order that was carved. Rune readers who treat the three aettir as stages assign the first to livelihood, the second to the forces that disrupt a life, and the third to the ordered society that survives them, which makes Mannaz the clearest statement of what the third aett is for. Some practitioners also work the aettir numerically, treating Mannaz as the fourth of eight and pairing it with the fourth rune of the other two groups, Ansuz and Jera. That pairing is modern rather than historical, but it produces a useful chain: Ansuz gives divine speech, Jera gives the year's rightful harvest, and Mannaz gives the human being who speaks and reaps.
Which runes come immediately before and after Mannaz?
Ehwaz, the horse and the bonded pair, comes immediately before Mannaz, and Laguz, water and the flowing unconscious, comes immediately after. Readers often treat the trio as a short narrative: a partnership forms, it widens into a community, then feeling and the unseen move underneath it all.
Why is Mannaz placed in Tyr's aett rather than an earlier one?
Mannaz sits in Tyr's aett because the human community it describes depends on the sworn law opening that aett. The first aett covers cattle, wealth and wild forces; the second covers hail, need and ice. Only the third assumes courts, kinship and oaths, which is what makes the Mannaz rune legible at all.
Is Mannaz the twentieth or twenty-first rune?
Mannaz is the twentieth rune of the Elder Futhark counting from Fehu. The confusion comes from rune sets that add a blank tile, sometimes called the Odin rune, which is a modern addition of the early 1980s and changes nothing about Mannaz's historical position in the carved row.
What do the rune poems say about Mannaz?
Three medieval rune poems describe the m rune, and all three link the human being to dust while praising what people are to each other. The Old English Rune Poem gives the fullest stanza for man: the cheerful person is dear to his kinsmen, yet every one of them is bound to fail the others, because by divine decree the poor flesh is committed to the earth. That stanza puts a Christian frame on an older subject, and supplies the double edge rune readers still work with - warmth among the living, and a hard limit on how long it lasts. The Norwegian Rune Poem is shorter and blunter, saying madr is an augmentation of the dust and pairing that with an image of the hawk's great claw, a skaldic yoking that reminds the listener how quickly a body becomes carrion. The Icelandic Rune Poem opens with the warmest line any rune poem gives humanity, calling madr the delight of man, then adds that he is an adorner of ships, glossing the rune with Latin homo and the Old Norse mildingr, a generous prince.
The Old English text reaches modern readers by an unusual route. The manuscript carrying the poem, Cotton MS Otho B.x, was destroyed when fire swept the Cotton library at Ashburnham House in 1731, and the poem survives because George Hickes had already printed it in 1705. Every modern translation of the man stanza descends from that printing. The Icelandic phrase madr er manns gaman, man is the delight of man, is worth knowing on its own, because a closely related line appears in the Havamal, the Old Norse poem of Odin's counsel, where the same sentiment is set against the loneliness of the traveler. That echo shows the rune poem was not coining a novelty but quoting shared Norse wisdom about company being what makes life bearable. The phrase moldar auki, augmentation of the dust, appears in both the Norwegian and Icelandic stanzas, which makes it the most consistent statement any tradition makes about this rune: the human being adds to the soil. That is the sober floor beneath every cheerful reading of Mannaz.
What is the Old English rune poem stanza for Mannaz about?
The Old English stanza for man says a joyful person is dear to his kinsmen, and yet each is destined to fail the other, since divine decree hands the frail body to the earth. It sets loyalty and mortality side by side, and readers use that contrast when Mannaz appears beside runes of loss.
What does moldar auki mean in the Mannaz stanzas?
Moldar auki means augmentation of the dust, or increase of the earth, and appears in both the Norwegian and Icelandic verses on madr. The phrase says plainly that the human being ends as soil, and it keeps Mannaz from being read as a purely comfortable rune of friendship and reputation.
Why does the Icelandic poem call madr an adorner of ships?
Skipa skreytir, adorner of ships, praises the human being as the one who decorates and mans a vessel, which in Icelandic terms is the highest visible expression of human craft and cooperation. It gives Mannaz a maker's aspect, useful when the rune falls over questions about work made with other people.
Which gods and myths stand behind the Mannaz rune?
Mannaz is tied to the Germanic origin stories of humankind rather than to a single deity, which sets it apart from runes with obvious patrons like Tiwaz or Thurisaz. Tacitus, writing his Germania at the end of the first century, records that the Germanic peoples sang of an earth-born god Tuisto and his son Mannus as the founder of their nation, and the name Mannus is the same word that gives the rune its reconstructed name. That is the oldest surviving hook for the Mannaz rune meaning. Norse myth supplies two more. The Voluspa tells how Ask and Embla, two pieces of driftwood on a shore, were given breath and spirit by gods and became the first human pair, which gives Mannaz its sense of the human being as something shaped and gifted rather than self-made. The Rigsthula tells how the god Rig, identified in its prose introduction with Heimdall, traveled among households and fathered the ancestors of the social classes, and the Voluspa addresses its audience as the greater and lesser kin of Heimdall, humanity as one family with a divine relative.
Practitioners divide over which thread to lean on. Readers who emphasize Heimdall get a Mannaz that is watchful, well-connected and concerned with rank and duty inside the group, which suits questions about hierarchy, workplace standing and social obligation. Readers who emphasize Odin get a Mannaz weighted toward mind, since the word family behind the rune touches thinking and memory, and Odin is the god who trades an eye for knowledge and keeps two ravens named Thought and Memory. Both readings are defensible; neither is attested as a medieval assignment. The Ask and Embla story does something the others do not, giving Mannaz a specific relationship to trees and to breath. That connection shows up whenever Mannaz falls beside Berkano or Eihwaz, where readers take it as a reading about inherited vitality - what was breathed into a person by their line, and what they are doing with it. Keeping these myths straight matters, because they push the same rune in different directions.
Is Mannaz Heimdall's rune?
Many modern rune workers assign Mannaz to Heimdall, on the strength of the Rigsthula, where the god Rig fathers the human social classes, and the Voluspa's address to the kin of Heimdall. It is a reasonable and widely used association, but a modern systematization; no medieval source assigns Mannaz to any god.
What does Tacitus have to do with the Mannaz rune?
Tacitus, in the Germania, reports that the Germanic peoples celebrated in song an earth-born god Tuisto and his son Mannus as the origin of their people. Mannus and the rune name mannaz are the same word, making this the earliest written trace of the idea the rune carries, centuries before any rune poem.
How do Ask and Embla relate to the Mannaz rune?
Ask and Embla, the first human pair in Norse myth, were shaped from wood found on a shore and given breath and spirit by gods. Readers use that story to explain why Mannaz can mean received vitality and inheritance, particularly when it falls next to Othala, Berkano or Eihwaz.
What does the Mannaz rune mean upright in a reading?
Mannaz rune upright means the answer lies with people: allies who will help, a reputation working in the querent's favor, and a mind clear enough to use both. In a spread it points to cooperation, sound counsel, negotiation, shared work and the ordinary standing a person has among neighbors and colleagues. It rarely describes a dramatic event. Mannaz describes conditions, the human weather around a situation, and its usual instruction is to stop treating the matter as a solo project and bring in the people already willing to help. Upright Mannaz also carries the mind's own clarity, so it reads well over study, testimony, contracts and any question settled by careful reasoning rather than force. In an outcome position it suggests a resolution reached by agreement rather than by victory, which some querents find anticlimactic and which almost always holds better than a win would have. In a position describing another person, it says that person is behaving decently and can be taken at their word. In a position describing the querent, it asks whether they have been seeing themselves as others see them.
There is a consistent pattern worth knowing: upright Mannaz lowers the temperature of a spread. Beside Thurisaz it turns raw conflict into a dispute people can talk out. Beside Hagalaz it points to the neighbors who show up after the storm rather than to the storm. Beside Fehu it moves a money question toward a person - an employer, a client, an inheritance, a loan from someone who trusts you. The limit on upright Mannaz comes from the poems, which remind the reader that the human being ends as dust, so Mannaz never promises permanence. In a timing position it usually indicates something moving at human pace, over weeks of conversation rather than in an instant. Asked whether one person can carry a whole project alone, the Mannaz rune upright answers no, then points to who else should be carrying it.
What does Mannaz upright mean in a career reading?
Upright in a career reading, the Mannaz rune means colleagues, references and reputation are deciding the matter rather than raw skill. It favors collaborative roles, hiring through networks, teaching and mediation. Over a solo venture it usually indicates the missing piece is a partner or an adviser.
Does upright Mannaz answer yes or no?
Upright Mannaz gives a conditional yes: yes, if other people are involved. Readers working binary questions treat it as a yes depending on cooperation being sought rather than assumed. Asked whether the querent can manage something entirely alone, upright Mannaz reads as no.
What does the Mannaz rune upright say about the querent?
In a self position, the Mannaz rune upright says the querent is currently being seen accurately by the people around them and their standing is sound. It also asks for a deliberate look in the mirror, since this rune measures a person by what others can reasonably expect from them.
What does Mannaz reversed mean?
Mannaz reversed means the human network has failed or been refused: isolation, estrangement, bad advice, a damaged reputation, or a mind that has argued itself into a position no one else can see the sense of. The merkstave reading of the Mannaz rune is usually described as the enemy within, and that phrasing is precise. Mannaz reversed rarely names an outside attacker. It names self-deception, the refusal of help genuinely on offer, or the querent's own cleverness working against their interests. In practice it turns up over office politics, family estrangement and betrayal by someone trusted, and just as often over a querent who has quietly cut everyone off and cannot understand why nothing is moving. The Old English stanza supplies the traditional edge, since it says each kinsman is fated to fail the other, and reversed Mannaz brings that clause to the front. The remedy is unglamorous: return to the group honestly, or hand the problem to someone with no stake in it, because reversed Mannaz describes a person whose judgment about themselves has stopped being reliable.
One practical wrinkle separates Mannaz from most reversible runes. The standard Elder Futhark form is symmetrical, so a tile turned upside down looks identical, and casters resolve that in one of two ways. Some mark the reverse face of every tile or carve on one side only, making face-down the reversed condition regardless of shape. Others drop orientation for Mannaz entirely and judge it by merkstave instead, reading it in its dark aspect when Isa, Naudhiz, Hagalaz or reversed Ehwaz surround it, and brightly otherwise. Neither method has more historical warrant, since reversed meanings are a modern development and the medieval rune poems describe madr with no inverted sense at all. What matters is deciding the convention before the cast and holding to it for the session. A useful check when Mannaz reversed appears: ask the querent to name the last person who told them something they did not want to hear. If they cannot, the rune has already described the situation accurately.
What does Mannaz reversed mean in a relationship reading?
Mannaz reversed in a relationship reading points to isolation inside the partnership - friends and family pushed away, a relationship no outsider is allowed to assess honestly, or one partner deceiving themselves about the other. It also covers estrangement from in-laws and a lost social circle after a separation.
Is Mannaz reversed the same as merkstave Mannaz?
Not quite. Reversed refers to physical orientation, while merkstave means the dark reading of the Mannaz rune reached through surrounding runes and context. Because the Mannaz symbol is symmetrical, many readers use merkstave in place of reversal for this rune, so the two terms describe one interpretation by different routes.
How do you work with reversed Mannaz once it appears?
The customary response to reversed Mannaz is to seek an outside view: consult someone with no stake in the outcome, repair one specific relationship rather than all of them at once, and postpone the decision until the isolation has broken. Acting alone under a reversed Mannaz tends to compound the problem.
How is the Mannaz rune used in bind runes and rune magic?
In bind rune work the Mannaz rune supplies the human element, and it is added to a design when the intended result depends on other people recognizing, accepting or helping the person carrying it. A Mannaz bind rune is built by sharing one of Mannaz's two vertical staves with the stave of another rune, so the finished figure reads as a single character rather than as two runes drawn close together. Common pairings show what the rune contributes. Mannaz with Ansuz aims at speech a group will actually hear, and is cut for interviews, teaching and testimony. Mannaz with Gebo aims at fair exchange and is used for contracts and reconciliations. Mannaz with Wunjo aims at belonging and good standing within a community. Mannaz with Laguz, its neighbor in the row, is used for intuition applied to people, reading a room and judging character. Mannaz with Tiwaz, the rune opening its aett, is used for justice among people rather than victory over them. Carvers who work with galdr chant the rune name mannaz over the figure while cutting it.
Mannaz also appears in inscription work as a marker rather than as a wish. Because the character stood for the whole word man in Old English manuscript shorthand, some modern carvers use it as a signature element, cutting Mannaz to mean this concerns a person before the runes specifying what is intended for them. A caution applies here that does not apply to most runes. Mannaz binds the wearer to a group, so any working built with it is a working about relationship, and it should not be aimed at a person without their knowledge if the practitioner holds to consent-based ethics. Many rune workers set Mannaz aside entirely for anything that would compel another person's behavior, using it only for the carrier's own standing, clarity and openness to help. For talismanic work the rune is commonly cut on wood or bone rather than metal, and kept where the carrier does their work among other people.
What is a good Mannaz bind rune for a job interview?
A Mannaz bind rune combining Mannaz with Ansuz is the usual choice for interviews, since Ansuz governs speech and inspired words while Mannaz governs how a group receives a person. Some carvers add Sowilo for confidence. Share a single vertical stave so the result reads as one integrated character.
Which runes combine badly with Mannaz in a bind rune?
Isa and Naudhiz work against Mannaz in a bind rune, since Isa freezes and Naudhiz constrains while Mannaz opens a person to others, so the design fights itself. Thurisaz is also awkward with Mannaz unless the intent is specifically defensive within a group rather than social.
Can Mannaz be used in a bind rune for healing?
Mannaz is used in healing designs for the social side of recovery: support, good care from other people, and clear-headedness about one's own condition. It is not a rune of physical vitality, so carvers wanting that add Uruz for strength or Sowilo for returning energy.
How does the Mannaz rune read alongside other runes in a spread?
The Mannaz rune modifies its neighbors more than most runes do, because it names who is standing next to the situation, and reading those pairings is the fastest way to get a specific answer out of it. Mannaz with Fehu turns a wealth question into a question about a person - a client, an employer, a loan, an inheritance. Mannaz with Ehwaz, its near neighbor in the third aett, doubles down on partnership and reads as a working alliance between two people who trust each other. Mannaz with Othala reads as family, inherited standing and obligations that came with a name. Mannaz with Ansuz means the matter turns on what is said and who says it, one of the strongest combinations for negotiation. Mannaz with Raidho puts people in motion: travel with others, relocation, or a journey undertaken on someone else's behalf. Mannaz with Perthro brings the hidden human factor, something about a person not yet disclosed. Mannaz with Isa is the sharpest warning in the set, since Isa freezes exactly what Mannaz needs fluid.
Position matters as much as pairing. In a three rune past, present and future cast, Mannaz in the past position usually indicates a group or a relationship set the current conditions, so the reading should look for who was there rather than what happened. Mannaz in the present asks the querent to check their assumptions against another person's view before acting. Mannaz in the outcome points to resolution by agreement, stable but slower than the querent hopes. In a five rune cross where one position covers the obstacle, Mannaz appearing there is among the more useful draws available, because it names the blockage as human and therefore addressable by conversation. In the Norns layout, Mannaz in the Skuld position rarely predicts an event; it predicts a state of standing among people, which is why readers using that layout learn to phrase the outcome as a relationship rather than an occurrence.
What does Mannaz with Gebo mean together?
Mannaz with Gebo reads as fair exchange between people: a gift that carries obligation, a contract both sides can live with, or a partnership balanced enough to last. Gebo supplies the exchange and Mannaz supplies the people, making the pair one of the most favorable combinations for agreements.
What does the Mannaz rune mean next to Isa?
Mannaz next to Isa means a human situation has frozen - communication stopped, a group gone rigid, or a relationship on hold with nobody willing to move first. It is a stall rather than an ending, and the usual counsel is patience with a fixed review date rather than a forced approach.
How many runes should be cast to read Mannaz properly?
Mannaz reads poorly as a single draw, since alone it says only that people are involved and not which people or how. A three rune cast is the practical minimum, and a five rune layout gives Mannaz enough neighbors to name the person and the nature of their involvement clearly.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Mannaz rune mean in a reading?
The Mannaz rune means the human element of the question: the people involved, the help available from them, and the querent's own mind working on the problem. Mannaz says the outcome depends on cooperation rather than solitary effort. It also carries mind and memory, so it appears often over study, negotiation, testimony and anything decided by reasoning and reputation rather than force.
Is Mannaz a good rune to draw?
Mannaz is favorable when the question depends on other people, and a warning when the querent has been doing everything alone. It promises company rather than luck: allies, a good name, sound advice. Over a money question, Mannaz answers that money arrives through a person. Its one hard edge is mortality, since two of the three rune poems remind the reader that the human being returns to dust.
What does Mannaz reversed mean?
Mannaz reversed means isolation, self-deception and the failure of the human network the upright rune promises: an ally who does not arrive, advice given for someone else's benefit, or a querent cut off by their own pride. The merkstave reading is often called the enemy within, because it names the mind arguing itself into a bad position rather than an outside attacker.
What is the Mannaz rune symbol and what sound does it make?
The Mannaz rune symbol is two vertical staves joined between them by crossed diagonals, transliterated as m, and it is the only m in the twenty-four rune Elder Futhark. Rune workers read the shape as Ehwaz given a second roofline, or as two Wunjo runes set back to back. In the later Younger Futhark the m rune is redrawn entirely, as a stave with two branches rising from the top.
Which aett does the Mannaz rune belong to?
Mannaz belongs to the third aett of the Elder Futhark, the group named after its opening rune and commonly called Tyr's aett, and sits fourth within it and twentieth in the full row. Tiwaz gives law, Berkano gives birth, Ehwaz gives the bonded pair, and Mannaz arrives as the whole human community those three produce. Laguz follows immediately after.
What does the Mannaz rune mean in a love reading?
In a love reading the Mannaz rune reads the relationship through its social frame: friendship inside the romance, families with opinions, and whether two people treat each other decently. It suits partnerships that began as friendships and reconciliations needing a broker. Mannaz reversed here points to a partner who has isolated the querent, or to self-deception about who the other person actually is.
Can the Mannaz rune be reversed if the symbol looks the same upside down?
The standard Elder Futhark form of Mannaz is symmetrical, so casters resolve this in one of two ways. Some mark the reverse face of every tile, making face-down the reversed condition. Others drop orientation for Mannaz and use merkstave instead, reading it darkly when Isa, Naudhiz or Hagalaz surround it. Neither is more traditional; consistency within a session is what matters.
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