I Ching Hexagram 61: Inner Truth - Meaning, Changing Lines and Guidance

I Ching hexagram 61, Inner Truth (Zhong Fu), is the hexagram of sincerity that carries all the way through to another person without force: wind above lake, four firm lines wrapped around two open ones like a shell around a hollow center. This guide covers the trigram pairing that produces the meaning, the Judgement about pigs and fishes, the Image of delayed executions, all six changing lines with the hexagram each one produces, and how hexagram 61 reads for a decision, a relationship and work.

What does I Ching hexagram 61, Inner Truth, mean?

I Ching hexagram 61 means truth held at the center of a person until it moves whatever it touches. The Chinese name is Zhong Fu: zhong, center, and fu, a character built from a claw above a young bird and traditionally explained as a hen brooding eggs until they hatch. Fu carries both sincerity and dependability, and the brooding picture adds the element hexagram 61 insists on, which is patience. Warmth has to be constant and it has to come from inside the shell. The line structure repeats the idea. Reading from the bottom, hexagram 61 runs solid, solid, broken, broken, solid, solid: four yang lines form a firm outer wall and two yin lines leave the middle hollow. Traditional commentary calls that hollow the empty heart, the receptive space that lets another person's reality in instead of pushing your own outward. So hexagram 61 is not the hexagram of conviction. Conviction is full in the middle. Inner Truth is empty in the middle and firm at the edges, which is why the figure gets compared to an egg, a drum, a bell and a boat. Every item in that list works because of what is missing from it. Hexagram 61 meaning, in one phrase: influence without pressure.

Position in the King Wen sequence sharpens hexagram 61. It follows hexagram 60, Limitation, and the traditional sequence commentary explains the order by saying that when limits are accepted, belief follows. Trust in Inner Truth is the product of a kept limit, not a mood. Hexagram 61 also looks identical when the figure is turned upside down, so it has no separate inverted partner: read from either end it gives the same firm shell and the same open middle, which commentators take as a sign that this sincerity does not change depending on who is watching. Compress hexagram 61 by pairs and the two solid lines at the bottom, two broken in the middle and two solid at the top give yang, yin, yang, the pattern of Li, the trigram of fire. Hexagram 61 behaves like an enlarged Li: it gives light, and like fire it needs something to cling to.

Why is hexagram 61 called Inner Truth rather than honesty?

Hexagram 61 is called Inner Truth because Zhong Fu describes where the truth sits rather than what is said. Honesty is a property of statements. Fu is a property of a person that others can rest their weight on, and the two yin lines at the center of hexagram 61 place it structurally in the middle of the figure, not on its surface.

What is the King Wen number and shape of hexagram 61?

Hexagram 61 is number 61 in the King Wen sequence, named Zhong Fu, and its shape from the bottom line upward is solid, solid, broken, broken, solid, solid. That gives four yang lines enclosing two yin lines, the outline readers describe as an egg or a hollow boat.

Is hexagram 61 a fortunate hexagram to receive?

Hexagram 61 is fortunate. Its Judgement states good fortune outright and licenses crossing the great water, and five of its six line texts are favorable or neutral. Only the top line of hexagram 61 carries a warning, and that warning concerns sound outrunning substance rather than the situation being unsound.

Which two trigrams form hexagram 61, and why does their combination produce Inner Truth?

Hexagram 61 is formed by Xun, the trigram of Wind and Wood, above Dui, the trigram of Lake and joy, which is why hexagram 61 is called wind over lake. Wind is the least forceful thing that still moves matter, and a lake is the surface that answers it most immediately. Nothing strikes the water, yet the whole surface responds at once and everywhere. That is the mechanism of I Ching Inner Truth in one picture: an influence with no weight behind it producing a total, instantaneous response in something receptive. Swap either trigram and the meaning collapses, since wind over mountain would meet resistance and a lake under thunder would be shocked rather than moved. The second reading of the same pair takes Xun as wood. Wood resting on a lake is a hollow boat, and hexagram 61 is hollow exactly where a boat is hollow, which is the structural license for the Judgement's line about crossing the great water. There is also a family reading, since Xun is the eldest daughter and Dui the youngest in the trigram family. Hexagram 61 sets gentleness above and gladness below, an older sister who does not command over a younger one who is not resentful.

The detail that makes wind over lake more than a pretty image is where the yielding lines fall. Dui is solid, solid, broken, so its open line sits at the top, at its point of contact with the trigram above. Xun is broken, solid, solid, so its open line sits at the bottom. In hexagram 61 those two soft lines meet face to face at the center, each trigram turning its open side toward the other, which is why readers call Inner Truth mutual rather than one-directional. Dui carries a further association: in the traditional correspondences it governs the mouth. The lower half of hexagram 61 talks and the upper half penetrates gently, so speech here is not the instrument of influence, it is the thing being influenced.

What does the Xun trigram contribute to hexagram 61?

Xun contributes gentle penetration and the wood that floats. As wind, Xun is the upper trigram of hexagram 61 that reaches everywhere without striking anything. As wood it supplies the hull of the boat that lets the Judgement recommend crossing the great water. Xun also brings persistence, since wind works by continuing rather than by force.

What does the Dui trigram contribute to hexagram 61?

Dui contributes an open, responsive surface and the pleasure that makes people willing to be reached. As the lower trigram of hexagram 61, Dui is the lake that answers the wind across its whole face at once. Dui also governs the mouth in traditional correspondences, putting speech and shared enjoyment in the lower half of Inner Truth.

Why is hexagram 61 called wind over lake and not wood over lake?

Both names are used for hexagram 61 because Xun carries wind and wood together. Wind over lake is standard because it describes the influence at work. Wood over lake is the reading invoked for the boat and for crossing the great water, so practitioners switch to it when the question involves a real undertaking rather than a relationship.

What is the Judgement of hexagram 61, and what do pigs and fishes mean?

The Judgement of hexagram 61 in Richard Wilhelm's rendering reads: Inner Truth. Pigs and fishes. Good fortune. It furthers one to cross the great water. Perseverance furthers. The order of those clauses carries the argument. The animals come before the verdict of good fortune because they set the test. Pigs and fishes are the traditional example of creatures that cannot be reasoned with, flattered or shamed, the dullest and least reachable animals in the old commentaries. Sincerity that gets through to a pig or a fish has nothing rhetorical left in it, since neither animal can be talked into anything. That is the standard hexagram 61 sets: if your truth only works on people who already agree with you, it is not yet Inner Truth. Good fortune is granted once that condition is met. The clause about crossing the great water then authorizes a serious, committed undertaking, and hexagram 61 has the structural right to say so because the figure is a hollow wooden vessel on water. The closing clause, perseverance furthers, adds constancy, the same instruction as the brooding bird in the name Zhong Fu. Warmth applied once hatches nothing.

James Legge translated the same Judgement to say that Zhong Fu moves even pigs and fish and leads to good fortune, with advantage in crossing the great stream and in being firm and correct. Wilhelm leaves the animals as a bare image; Legge supplies the verb, moves. Either way, hexagram 61 claims reach rather than agreement. Nothing in the Judgement says the pigs and fishes will cooperate, only that they are affected, and that distinction saves a lot of misreading when hexagram 61 answers a question about a stubborn counterpart. Perseverance in the I Ching carries the sense of correct constancy, holding a right course rather than merely persisting, and in hexagram 61 it guards against the failure the top line describes.

Why does the Judgement of hexagram 61 mention pigs and fishes?

Pigs and fishes appear in hexagram 61 as the hardest possible audience. Traditional commentary treats them as the least intelligent and least biddable of animals, so they measure sincerity by being immune to argument. If Inner Truth reaches them it reaches anyone, which is why the image precedes the verdict of good fortune.

Does hexagram 61 permit a risky undertaking?

Hexagram 61 permits it. The Judgement states that it furthers one to cross the great water, and the hexagram earns that clause structurally, since wood above water with a hollow center is a boat. The condition is that the crossing rests on real trust rather than persuasion, because a boat with a full middle sinks.

What does perseverance furthers add to hexagram 61?

Perseverance furthers adds duration to hexagram 61. Sincerity in Zhong Fu works the way a brooding bird works, by unbroken constancy rather than intensity. The clause also warns against the pattern in the top line, where a declaration is made loudly once and nothing is sustained behind it.

What is the Image of hexagram 61, and why does it mention delaying executions?

The Image of hexagram 61 reads: wind over lake, the image of Inner Truth. Thus the superior man discusses criminal cases to delay executions. It is one of the most concrete Images in the book, and it applies Inner Truth to the single situation where getting another person wrong is irreversible. A judge who genuinely enters the accused person's circumstances cannot decide quickly, because entering takes time, so the practical output of sincerity here is delay. The Image does not ask for leniency, acquittal or sentiment. It asks that the discussion continue and the irreversible step wait, which is the only form the empty center of hexagram 61 can take inside a legal process. The trigrams support the reading. Dui below is associated with autumn in the correlative scheme, the season linked with judgement and punishment, and Xun above is the gentleness that moderates without abolishing it. Wind moving over the lake is deliberation moving over the case. For a modern reader, the Image of hexagram 61 governs any judgement about a person that cannot be taken back: a firing, a public accusation, a decision to cut someone off.

Comparing this Image with the other law-related Images in the I Ching shows what is distinctive about hexagram 61. Elsewhere the book is willing to be sharp, speaking of making penalties clear and firm or of settling matters without letting lawsuits drag. Inner Truth is the one that slows the machinery down, not by doubting the law but by insisting that the person in front of the judge is more than the file. The wind gets everywhere in the lake; the discussion should get everywhere in the case. Delay is expensive, it looks indecisive, and it exposes the judge to accusations of weakness. Hexagram 61 accepts that as the price of an empty center, and offers no way to be both sincere and fast.

What does the Image of hexagram 61 say in full?

The Image of hexagram 61 says that wind over lake is the image of Inner Truth, and that the superior man therefore discusses criminal cases to delay executions. It links the gentlest natural influence to the most severe human decision, making thorough discussion the practical expression of sincerity.

How does the Image of hexagram 61 apply outside a courtroom?

Outside a courtroom the Image of hexagram 61 governs every judgement about a person that cannot be reversed, including dismissals, public accusations and ending a relationship. Inner Truth asks that the conversation continue and the irreversible act be postponed until the other person's situation has actually been entered rather than assumed.

Does the Image of hexagram 61 recommend mercy?

The Image of hexagram 61 recommends delay rather than mercy. Nothing in it cancels the penalty or excuses the offence. What Inner Truth requires is that the case be discussed until the judge understands the person, and that nothing final happen while that understanding is incomplete.

What do hexagram 61 changing lines 1, 2 and 3 mean?

The first three hexagram 61 changing lines move from private preparation to resonance to dependence. Nine at the beginning reads: being prepared brings good fortune; if there are secret designs, it is disquieting. This is the ground floor of Inner Truth, where sincerity is still a private condition. Weigh the matter before you enter it and carry no hidden agenda, because in hexagram 61 an ulterior motive is not a tactical risk but a structural fault. Changing this line gives hexagram 59, Dispersion. Nine in the second place is the most quoted text in hexagram 61: a crane calling in the shade, its young answers it, I have a good goblet and I will share it with you. The crane cannot be seen and the answer comes anyway. Changing this line gives hexagram 37, The Family. Six in the third place turns the same energy outward and loses the center: he finds a comrade, now he beats the drum, now he stops, now he sobs, now he sings. That is a person whose inner state is set by someone else, oscillating with the other party's moods. Changing this line gives hexagram 9, The Taming Power of the Small.

The second line of hexagram 61 carries an unusually well-attested commentary. The Great Treatise, the philosophical appendix to the I Ching, quotes the crane text and attaches a discussion of how words spoken close to home travel far, making speech the hinge on which a person swings and the source of honor or disgrace. That is why practitioners treat nine in the second place as the definitive statement on the reach of sincere speech. The contrast with the third line is the practical lesson of the lower trigram: in line two the crane calls first and the answer comes back, so the initiative is inside, while in line three the drumming, weeping and singing follow whatever the comrade does. Line three is unstable because a yin line sits in a yang place at the top of Dui, the trigram of pleasure.

What does line 1 of hexagram 61 mean?

Line 1 of hexagram 61 says that being prepared brings good fortune and that secret designs are disquieting. It places sincerity before contact: weigh the matter privately and enter with no concealed motive. Changing the first line of hexagram 61 produces hexagram 59, Dispersion, which scatters what has not been settled beforehand.

What does line 2 of hexagram 61 mean?

Line 2 of hexagram 61 is the crane calling in the shade whose young answers, followed by the offer to share a good goblet. It describes influence reaching its target without being visible, and it is the line the Great Treatise uses to discuss the carrying power of words. Changing it produces hexagram 37, The Family.

What does line 3 of hexagram 61 mean?

Line 3 of hexagram 61 describes finding a comrade and then beating the drum, stopping, sobbing and singing by turns. It is Inner Truth without a center, where another person's moods govern your own. Changing the third line of hexagram 61 produces hexagram 9, The Taming Power of the Small.

What do hexagram 61 changing lines 4, 5 and 6 mean?

The upper three hexagram 61 changing lines cover sacrifice, the binding center and the failure of Inner Truth. Six in the fourth place reads: the moon nearly at the full, the team horse goes astray, no blame. The moon holds just short of full because full would rival the sun, and the horse leaving its team means breaking from an equal partner to serve the ruler above. Loyalty here costs an old attachment, and hexagram 61 explicitly clears it of blame. Changing this line gives hexagram 10, Treading. Nine in the fifth place is the ruling line: he possesses truth which links together, no blame. This is the person whose sincerity acts as the cord holding a group in one piece, not by agreement but by attachment to a center everyone trusts. Changing this line gives hexagram 41, Decrease. Nine at the top is the warning: cockcrow penetrating to heaven, perseverance brings misfortune. The sound rises where the bird cannot follow. Words have outrun the substance behind them, and continuing is where hexagram 61 turns to loss. Changing this line gives hexagram 60, Limitation, the hexagram Inner Truth grew out of.

A structural oddity makes the fifth line of hexagram 61 unusual. In most hexagrams the second and fifth lines resonate as a pair when one is yin and the other yang. In hexagram 61 both are yang, so there is no correspondence between them. The two strong central lines hold their own centers independently, and the hexagram binds through line five's attachment to everything around it rather than a private alliance with line two, which is why it reads like a leader holding a whole group rather than a ruler with a favored minister. The top line is the only genuinely negative text in hexagram 61: a rooster's cry travels up into the sky, but the rooster cannot fly. Changing it drops hexagram 61 into hexagram 60, so the remedy for a claim that has outgrown its substance is to accept a boundary again.

What does line 4 of hexagram 61 mean?

Line 4 of hexagram 61 shows the moon nearly full and a team horse going astray, with no blame. It asks the questioner to stop just short of maximum standing and to give up an equal partnership in favor of loyalty to the center. Changing the fourth line of hexagram 61 produces hexagram 10, Treading.

Which line rules hexagram 61?

Nine in the fifth place rules hexagram 61. Its text says he possesses truth which links together, no blame, describing sincerity that works as a binding cord for a whole group. Changing the fifth line of hexagram 61 produces hexagram 41, Decrease, which is what follows when the binding center gives something up.

What does line 6 of hexagram 61 warn against?

Line 6 of hexagram 61 warns against words that rise higher than the speaker can go, using the image of cockcrow penetrating to heaven from a bird that cannot fly. Persistence in that state brings misfortune. Changing the top line produces hexagram 60, Limitation, prescribing a return to a real boundary.

What are the nuclear and opposite hexagrams of hexagram 61?

The nuclear hexagram of hexagram 61 is hexagram 27, The Corners of the Mouth (Yi), and the opposite hexagram is hexagram 62, Preponderance of the Small (Xiao Guo). The nuclear figure is built from the inner lines: lines two, three and four of hexagram 61 give Zhen, Thunder, and lines three, four and five give Gen, Mountain, so Mountain over Thunder is the hidden core of Inner Truth. Hexagram 27 concerns nourishment and what a person takes in and lets out through the mouth, and its shape repeats the family resemblance, firm outside with an open middle, an open jaw rather than an egg. The hidden lesson inside hexagram 61 is therefore about intake: sincerity is fed by what you allow into the empty center. Reverse every line of hexagram 61 and you get hexagram 62, Thunder over Mountain, which inverts the structure. Where Inner Truth is firm outside and hollow inside, Preponderance of the Small is soft outside and solid inside, and its image is a bird whose wings are large relative to its body. Hexagram 61 and hexagram 62 are neighbors in the King Wen sequence.

The relationship between the two figures is a study in what a hollow center does. Hexagram 62 tells the questioner to attend to small matters and not attempt great ones, and its bird should descend rather than climb. Hexagram 61 says cross the great water. The only difference is where the yielding lines sit: in the middle they make a vessel that floats and carries, on the outside they make wings that cannot lift much. The nuclear link to hexagram 27 also connects hexagram 61 to that figure's opposite, hexagram 28, Preponderance of the Great, heavy in the middle and weak at both ends. Hexagram 28 fails because the center is overloaded, hexagram 62 shrinks because the center is unyielding, and hexagram 61 succeeds because the center is empty on purpose.

How is the nuclear hexagram of hexagram 61 calculated?

The nuclear hexagram of hexagram 61 is built from its inner four lines. Lines two, three and four of Inner Truth form Zhen, Thunder, as the lower trigram, and lines three, four and five form Gen, Mountain, as the upper trigram. Mountain over Thunder is hexagram 27, The Corners of the Mouth.

What does hexagram 27 reveal about hexagram 61?

Hexagram 27 reveals that the hidden theme of hexagram 61 is nourishment and intake. Since hexagram 27 concerns what passes through the mouth in both directions, its presence at the core of Inner Truth says sincerity depends on what a person takes in and lets out, and that the empty center of hexagram 61 has to be fed carefully.

What happens when hexagram 61 changes entirely into hexagram 62?

When every line of hexagram 61 changes, Inner Truth becomes hexagram 62, Preponderance of the Small, and the guidance reverses. Instead of crossing the great water the questioner is told to keep to small matters and let the bird descend. Readers treat this as a large intention brought back to a scale it can sustain.

How does hexagram 61 read as guidance for a decision?

For a decision, hexagram 61 approves the undertaking and then redirects attention from the plan to the motive underneath it. The Judgement grants good fortune and says it furthers one to cross the great water, so Inner Truth is not a hexagram that tells you to wait. What it does is set a condition: the four firm lines only hold while the middle stays hollow. A decision made from a full mind, where the conclusion was fixed before the information arrived, is not the decision hexagram 61 is blessing. The test practitioners use is simple. Can you state the other party's position in their own words, well enough that they would accept your version of it? If not, the empty center is not yet empty, and line one of hexagram 61 applies instead with its warning about secret designs. Timing follows the brooding image in the name Zhong Fu, so results hatch rather than get seized and the correct move after committing is constancy rather than escalation. The top line sets the boundary of the whole hexagram: do not announce a decision before the substance behind it exists.

Hexagram 61 is frequently misread as a promise that the other side will agree. Nothing in the text says so. The Judgement says pigs and fishes, meaning even the unreachable are affected, and being affected is not the same as consenting. Someone who receives hexagram 61 about a negotiation should expect their sincerity to register and should not expect it to convert anyone on schedule. The good fortune in Inner Truth belongs to the person holding the center, and it holds whether or not the counterpart moves. There is also a sequencing instruction in the position of hexagram 61 after hexagram 60: if a decision requires trust that no kept limit has earned, Inner Truth is describing a stage that has not arrived yet.

Does hexagram 61 mean go ahead?

Hexagram 61 means go ahead on condition. The Judgement grants good fortune and permits crossing the great water, so the undertaking is authorized, but Inner Truth attaches the requirement that the questioner stay genuinely open to the other party. If the decision is really a plan to persuade, hexagram 61 is not endorsing it.

What does hexagram 61 say about timing a decision?

Hexagram 61 places timing under the brooding image in its name, Zhong Fu, where results hatch on their own schedule under constant warmth. After committing, the instruction from the closing clause of the Judgement is perseverance rather than acceleration. Pushing for a faster result in hexagram 61 is the same error as opening an egg early.

What does hexagram 61 warn against in a decision?

Hexagram 61 warns against hidden motives, named in line one as secret designs, and announcements that outrun substance, named in the top line as cockcrow penetrating to heaven. Both hollow out Inner Truth from the wrong direction, one by filling the center with agenda and the other by claiming reach the situation does not have.

How does hexagram 61 read for a relationship or a question about work?

For a relationship, hexagram 61 describes a bond that works by resonance rather than effort, and the crane line is its center of gravity. A crane calls where it cannot be seen and its young answers, so the connection does not depend on being witnessed, performed or maintained by constant contact. That is why changing the second line of hexagram 61 produces hexagram 37, The Family, the hexagram of a household held together by each person keeping their place. The failure mode is line three, where a person finds a comrade and then drums, weeps and sings according to whatever the other one is doing. Inner Truth in a relationship means being reachable without being governed. Line four adds the cost side, the team horse leaving its partner to follow the center, which reads as an old attachment given up for the primary bond, and hexagram 61 marks it no blame. For work, the ruling fifth line sets the standard: sincerity that links a group together through a trusted center rather than through agreement. Pigs and fishes name the stakeholder who will never be argued into anything. Reach them by being consistent rather than convincing.

Three of the changing-line transformations in hexagram 61 map onto working life. When the fifth line changes, Inner Truth becomes hexagram 41, Decrease: for a leader who binds a team by trust, that is the moment the binding costs them personally in budget, credit or convenience. When the fourth line changes, hexagram 61 becomes hexagram 10, Treading, moving carefully near something dangerous, which is the texture of promotion into proximity with power. When the top line changes, hexagram 61 becomes hexagram 60, Limitation, the correction for a product that has been talked about more than it has been built. In a negotiation, the two yin lines at the center are the space where the other side's actual position sits unmodified.

What does hexagram 61 mean for a romantic relationship?

For a romantic relationship, hexagram 61 indicates a bond resting on real trust that requires no proof or performance, pictured by the hidden crane whose young still answers. Inner Truth asks each person to stay open at the center without being ruled by the other's moods, which is the difference between line two and line three of hexagram 61.

What does hexagram 61 mean for a work conflict?

In a work conflict, hexagram 61 advises reaching the other party by consistency rather than argument, on the model of pigs and fishes being moved without being convinced. The Image of hexagram 61 adds the practical step: keep discussing the case and postpone any irreversible action such as a dismissal or a formal complaint.

What does hexagram 61 say about leading a team?

Hexagram 61 says a leader binds a team through a trusted center, following nine in the fifth place, where truth links people together. Agreement is not required and hierarchy is not enough. When that fifth line changes, hexagram 61 becomes hexagram 41, Decrease, indicating that holding the group together will cost the leader something real.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is I Ching hexagram 61, Inner Truth, in one sentence?

I Ching hexagram 61, Inner Truth, is the hexagram of sincerity held steadily at the center until it moves someone else, pictured as wind passing over a lake and as four firm lines wrapped around two open ones. Its Chinese name is Zhong Fu. Hexagram 61 promises good fortune, permits crossing the great water, and asks for constancy over time.

What are the two trigrams of hexagram 61?

Hexagram 61 is built from Xun, the trigram of Wind and Wood, above Dui, the trigram of Lake and joy, giving the name wind over lake. Xun is open at its bottom line and Dui at its top line, so the two yielding lines of hexagram 61 meet face to face at the center. Wood over water also reads as a hollow boat.

What does Zhong Fu, the Chinese name of hexagram 61, mean?

Zhong Fu combines zhong, meaning center, with fu, a character traditionally described as a claw above a young bird and read as a hen brooding eggs until they hatch. Fu carries sincerity and reliability, so the name of hexagram 61 points at truth sitting in the middle of a person and hatching something in another over time.

What does the crane calling in the shade mean in hexagram 61?

The crane calling in the shade is the text of the second line of hexagram 61: a crane calls where it cannot be seen, its young answers, and the speaker offers to share a good goblet. It describes influence working without display. The Great Treatise attaches a commentary to this line about words spoken close to home traveling far.

Is hexagram 61 a yes or a no answer?

Hexagram 61 is a qualified yes that changes the subject from the plan to the motive behind it. The Judgement gives good fortune and says it furthers one to cross the great water. What hexagram 61 does not bless is persuasion or leverage, because its four firm lines only hold while the middle stays hollow.

What is the opposite hexagram of hexagram 61?

The opposite of hexagram 61 is hexagram 62, Preponderance of the Small (Xiao Guo), reached by changing all six lines of Inner Truth at once. Hexagram 61 is firm outside and empty inside; hexagram 62 is soft outside and solid inside, Thunder over Mountain, with a bird image of wings beating around a heavy body.

What does hexagram 61 mean with no changing lines?

Hexagram 61 with no changing lines means the situation is already governed by Inner Truth and needs continuation rather than adjustment. The answer is the Judgement alone: pigs and fishes, good fortune, it furthers one to cross the great water, perseverance furthers. The trust involved is real and requires no new tactic.